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How Is Leather Made?
Leather is undoubtedly the most demanded material in the fashion and furniture industry, Highly sought after for its timeless elegance and exceptional durability. Leather lovers consider their extensive collection of fine leather home furnishings, ready-to-wear, footwear, handbags and purses, travel goods, sports and fashion accessories, and leather jewelry a valuable investment! By far the most widely used leather garments are the timeless leather coats and jackets that have created quite a craze among young and old. It’s true that leather garments exude a unique fashion vibe, but have you ever wondered how the material is made? Of course, everyone knows that leather comes from animal hides, but most have never really studied the process of converting raw animal hides into the leather we all love.
The process of making leather is often called tanning. In fact, the manufacturing process of leather consists of three main stages, namely preparation, tanning and crusting. The first stage is where the soaking, liming, dehairing, fleshing, splitting, softening, degreasing, crimping and pickling takes place. In the second stage, the actual tanning takes place using a variety of methods, the choice of which mainly depends on the final application of the finished leather. Here are a few ways you can get more clarity:
Vegetable Tanned: This tanning method uses tannins, a polyphenol astringent, from which the method gets its name. Other ingredients found in plant matter, bark, and similar sources are also used. Vegetable tanned leather is the only form of leather suitable for leather engraving or stamping (giving it a three-dimensional appearance). One of the disadvantages of vegetable tanned leather is that it tends to discolour if soaked in water and shrink if exposed to hot water.
Mineral Tanning: This tanning method uses chromium or chromium sulfate. Unlike vegetable tanned leather, products from this method will not tarnish when soaked in water. Softer and more flexible, it is also known as “wet blue”, the color derived from chrome. Another mineral used under this method is glutaraldehyde or oxazolidine, known as aldehyde tanning, also known as “wet white” due to its pale color. It is commonly used in cars and baby shoes. Antelopes fall into this category.
towing: This tanning method uses alum and aluminum salts, mixed with other proteins such as flour and egg yolks. Technically, Alum-Tanned leather is not considered tanned because the resulting material will rot if left in water for a period of time.
Brain Tan: This method of tanning is rather tedious and involves a labor-intensive process using emulsified oil from animal brains. Brain-tanned leather is extra soft and washable.
In the final stage of the leather-making process, the crusting stage, the leather is thinned, retanned and lubricated. It may also undergo rewetting, neutralization, retanning, dye drying, conditioning and polishing. In some cases, a fourth stage is necessary for certain types of leather where the material has a surface coating applied. This is also called collation. During the finishing process, leather is oiled, brushed, buffed, sprayed, rolled, buffed, embossed, ironed, carded or glazed. Finished leather is now in prime condition and ready to be made into a variety of leather products.
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