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Identification, Prevention and Control of External Parasites on Horses

EXTERNAL PARASITES

An external parasite infestation can cause irritation and wastefulness in your horse. Some external parasites can help multiply life cycles of internal parasites. External parasites can also carry infectious diseases. External parasites, however, may be easier to detect visually, which helps determine program effectiveness and type of parasite infestation. ALWAYS consult your veterinarian if you have concerns. He or she is a very good subject matter expert.

CHEMICAL SAFETY

Fly repellents are very dangerous chemicals and care should be taken to wash off any residue left from any overspray or contact on your hands/other body parts. with soap and water. Wash any clothing or gloves that come into contact with these agents. All hazardous chemicals must be stored according to the label in safe storage and be properly disposed of when out of date. Mixing chemicals like DMSO can cause serious health problems.

Common parasites

Bots (stomach bots & Gasterophilus)

Physical Description

Mature flies have a honey bee-like appearance. The eggs are light brown specks the size of pin heads in small clusters.

Life cycle

The female fly lays its eggs directly on hair on the horse in places that may be in contact with the horse’s mouth. The areas most often targeted are the legs, lips and other points that allow direct contact with the mouth and nostril during self-grooming or training another horse. Licking the attached fly eggs will cause them to hatch and produce the larvae. The hatched larvae will then migrate to the horse’s tongue or gums and burrow or attach themselves during the 3-week incubation period. After the incubation period they are released and pass to the lining of the stomach for a duration of approximately 9 months. After the 9 month period the larvae are transported from the stomach by manure to become an adult fly. The activity of an adult fly will last from late spring until the first hard frost.

Problems Caused by Boots

The fly larvae can cause only minimal damage to the horse, the biggest threat would be intestinal obstruction due to infestation. The larvae can also reduce the efficiency of the stomach to digest effectively.

Signs of a Boots Infestation

If some fly eggs are observed attached to your horse, you should consider that your horse has ingested some of them. If eggs are observed, remove them as soon as possible with a Bot knife to reduce ingestion.

Black Fly

Physical Description

A small grey-black fly.

Breeding Habitat

Requires moving water such as streams and pond overflows.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Belly lines, inside the hind legs and in the ears.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

General anger towards a horse.

Deer fly

Physical Description

Large flies capable of causing a painful bite.

Breeding Habitat

Plants around water’s edge or salt marshes.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Whole body.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

Equine Infectious Anemia and very painful bites.

Face Fly

Physical Description

A small grey-black fly.

Breeding Habitat

Fresh cattle manure.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Generally on a horse’s face.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

Cause some eye problems but mostly a nuisance to the horse.

Horned Fly

Physical Description

A very small fly that gathers in large swarms.

Breeding Habitat

Fresh cattle manure.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Horse neck, shoulders and abdomen. They also target skin unprotected due to hair loss.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

Contributes to severe dermatitis leading to skin ulcers.

Horse fly

Physical Description

A very large fly capable of causing a painful and deep bite.

Breeding Habitat

Water puddles, lake or pond water edge, salt marshes, or plant debris.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Whole body.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Trouble Caused

Equine Infectious Anemia and Very painful bite.

House fly

Physical Description

The common daily homework.

Breeding Habitat

Fertilize or use a wide range of organic materials.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Tear ducts and around the eye of the horse.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

Transmits stomach worms and a prolific transmitter of vertebrate pathogens. A general nuisance to horses.

Lice

Physical Description

About 1/8 inch long. Can vary in color from white to dirty gray.

Breeding Habitat

Remote areas of horse.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Remote areas, dry patches of skin, head, neck, mane or tail.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

Any weight loss, stunted growth, or anemia. A very irritating bite that can lead to rubbing of the hairs on the skin.

Mosquitoes

Physical Description

A small winged insect with a prominent blood-sucking probe extending from its head.

Breeding Habitat

Standing water, old tires, barrels and other objects capable of holding water and blocking wind.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Whole body.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

Product transmitters of disease and associated with Equine Encephalomyette, Equine Infectious Anemia and West Nile Virus.

Stable Fly

Physical Description

Very similar in appearance to the housefly, but the housefly has a large mouth.

Breeding Habitat

Hay contaminated with urine and manure.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Legs and abdomens.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

Helps contribute to the transmission of equine infectious anemia and summer ulcers.

tics

Physical Description

A small brownish watermelon seed in the shape of an insect and a peanut-sized cream colored when filled with the blood of a host.

Breeding Habitat

Eggs laid on the ground then larval ticks migrate to trees or shrubs.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Inside ears or distant points.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

Sleeping sickness, Lyme disease, Piroplasmosis and EIA.

EXTERNAL PARASITE CONTROL PROGRAM

As well as deworming chemicals, there are many fly repellent systems available for a wide range of external parasites. Before relying solely on chemical repellants, you can consider a first step of prevention and reduction. As you’ve probably noticed, most external parasites require water or fresh manure as a breeding ground. If the breeding ground is limited, so are the parasites.

Before purchasing an insecticide or repellent, you may want to read a label to make sure this product is safe and will be an effective part of your program. You may also want to use one product at a time to reduce the chances of the parasites becoming resistant to both products during the same period. Switch to another insecticide before the parasites become resistant.

Listed below are some tasks that will help reduce the parasite population:

– Remove and properly dispose of materials that may be breeding grounds at least every seven days. Preferably you should remove any suspected reproduction material daily.

– Design or charge stables, paddocks and pasture to allow for easy disposal of waste.

– Ensure good drainage for rainwater and at sinks.

– Turn off barn lights at night or use fluorescent lights.

– Clean water buckets regularly and use repellants.

Monitor which parasites are most prolific and then establish a solid plan to reduce their numbers. Contact your veterinarian, County Extension Agent or other experts in your area for specific advice. When spreading manure, try to lay down as thin a layer as possible to speed up the drying of the manure. Add horse manure to compost pile to help separate manure from horse habitat. Make sure you follow all instructions for disposing of any pesticide, these chemicals can be very deadly and can easily enter ponds, lakes, streams and ground water. The pesticides must also be kept in the original container.

Often biting flies are very active during hours of bright daylight. Set your repellent or stabilization program around that period. Common offense techniques and methods that can be very successful yet very environmentally friendly are Fly Predators. The Fly Predators are small sterile non-stringy forms of wasps that feed on fly larvae. There are also systems that use propane gas to expel CO2 gas to attract mosquitoes and similar insects and then suck them into a trap. Both systems work exceptionally well.

Old fashioned, tried and true methods can include fly strips, baited bottle traps or poison baits. Machines like Mosquito Magnets attract and destroy mosquitoes as well as other similar insect pests. There are also powders and liquids that can be applied to the soil and plants that will kill insects. As with all chemicals, read and follow the label so you don’t harm animals or children.

Protective clothing such as fly masks or full-body fly sheets. It has been reported that herbal remedies such as vinegar or garlic taken orally will help the horse become less attractive and therefore less bitten. External parasites will never be 100% controllable, but having an effective program with monitoring will help your horse have a quality life.

SKIN PARASITES

Horses can have several skin problems or skin parasites. Correct diagnosis by your veterinarian is important to quickly rid your horse of any skin problems.

Mange

Physical Description

Extremely small, must use a magnifying glass to see.

Breeding Habitat

Under the skin of a host.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

Upper layers of skin.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

Skin irritations that can lead to severe dermatitis or secondary infections. Proper nutrition will help prevent infestation.

Rain rot (dermatophyllosis)

Physical Description

A microscopic rod-shaped bacterium that causes raw open sores under mature crusty hairs.

Breeding Habitat

A horse’s skin during periods of wet/wet and hot weather. The bacteria live in the soil and proliferate during long periods of moisture.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

A place on a horse that stays moist and warm allows these microscopic bugs to thrive.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

Skin irritations that can lead to severe dermatitis or secondary infections. Cleaning infected areas with medicated shampoo, betadine or copper salt-based solutions. In rare severe cases, veterinary care may be required. Also called rain scald and dew poisoning when related to the infection on the lower limbs.

Ringworm (dermatophytosis)

Physical Description

A microscopic fungus that causes small circular patches of hair loss with flaky crusts.

Breeding Habitat

Conditions most likely to cause risk to ringworm are dark and wet conditions during fall and winter. Young horses (one to three years old), senior horses and sick horses are more prone to infection. This fungus is highly infectious and will quickly spread to other horses, other animals and people. If ringworm is suspected clean all tack, brushes, blankets or other items used on the infected horse(s) until it has been successfully treated.

Favorite Biting Area on Horse

The ringworm fungus typically infects the area around the heart, face and legs.

Diseases Commonly Carried or Problems Caused

It is very important to get and keep ringworm under control. Treatment with ringworm medication must be aggressive and consistent and maintained until all signs are completely gone. Skin irritations that can lead to severe dermatitis or secondary infections.

SKIN PARASITE CONTROL PROGRAM

It is important not to spread any contagious skin disease from one part of your horse to another part or from one horse to another horse. Washing your grooming tools in a medicated shampoo or other disinfectant after use should prevent the spread of infections. Usually medicated (iodine based) shampoos will fix minor skin problems. If veterinary care is required, follow the instructions fully to ensure complete removal of infestation.

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