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Alcohol Addiction and Brain Adaptation – The Long Term Impact on the Brain

Alcoholism has a devastating effect on our society. Almost 130 million Americans have been exposed to it in the family. Untreated addiction costs the US $400 billion a year. That’s six times the cost of treating heart disease and diabetes — and four times the cost of cancer. Not surprisingly, 40 percent of all traffic deaths involve alcohol. But did you know that more than half of all murders and domestic violence incidents are alcohol-related?

Of all the ways alcohol affects the world, the most profound is alcohol’s effect on the human brain. Repeated alcohol consumption causes negative and long-lasting changes in the tiny nerve cells or neurons of the brain. To understand exactly how alcohol affects our brain, let’s start from the beginning: the day you were born. By this time, your brain has already grown about 100 billion neurons. Neurons are living, growing cells in a vast and evolving network of electrical activity in the brain. Neurons are not wired like electrical wiring. Almost every neuron is constantly changing its function adapting to bodily demands, sensations and environmental stimuli.

Each individual neuron in the brain takes in new information and communicates with the other neurons to make sense of it. The transmission of information, from one neuron to another, happens with lightning speed. A neuron can send a signal, reset itself, and send another signal up to 400 times a second. In fact, all the sights, sounds, smells, touches and other sensations that a baby experiences help its brain create new neural connections. By adulthood, the total number of connections between neurons amounts to 100 trillion.

Connections between neurons are dynamic and change over time. New bonds are formed and old ones disappear. The ”wiring” of the brain is therefore developed and shaped by life experience. Information coming in through your eyes, ears and other senses is captured, and your neural connections can change in a second, forming new ones. These bonds continue to grow and develop well into adulthood.

However, alcohol consumption, and its physical effects such as intoxication and sleep, actually disrupt communication between neurons in the brain. Because alcohol is a depressant, it slows down activity in many parts of the brain. The neurons in affected areas control muscles, resulting in relaxation and lack of coordination. The neurons in affected areas also control speech, causing words to become slurred and increasingly imprecise. Similarly, affected neurons control autonomic body functions, and heart rate and breathing are impaired.

But what happens physiologically inside the brain when we drink alcohol? Why do we feel good so quickly after consuming? Well, the pleasure we feel from alcohol, just like food and sex, comes from the release of the natural brain chemical dopamine. We depend on our brain’s ability to release dopamine to experience pleasure from basic human needs such as the sight, smell or taste of food. That experience, however brief, is stored in the hippocampus section of the brain. The same physiological sensations occur when we are sexually aroused and even when we see or smell an attractive partner. Alcohol, in particular, produces very large and rapid surges of dopamine, and the brain responds by reducing its normal dopamine activity.

When you start drinking, at first the brain gets drunk quickly. It releases enough dopamine, a natural feel-good chemical, to fight the poison in alcohol. So, it’s actually the dopamine that makes you feel good, not the alcohol. Repeated drinking increases the total volume of dopamine released over time. Eventually the brain compensates by lowering its own natural production to combat the effects of alcohol. Therefore, over time, it takes more and more drinks to create the same intoxication. The brain malfunctions when it adapts to constantly higher levels of dopamine, which are artificially produced by alcohol.

The moment you stop drinking, a dopamine void is created and cravings ensue. Then, the brain creates a debilitating mood to encourage you to drink – to raise the dopamine level again. The fastest way to get it back to its new ”normal” is to drink alcohol. Once this brain dysfunction occurs, all activities are affected: from feelings and behaviors to decisions and relationships. This explains why those who abuse alcohol are twice as likely to be divorced as those who do not.

Repeated alcohol consumption causes long-term changes in the neurons of the brain. Scientists call this change ”neuroadaptation.” This means that neurons have adapted to drinking as if it were normal. Let’s say, for example, that you start drinking regularly at 6pm every night. At first the brain starts to defend against this chemical, because it considers alcohol to be poison. It warns you of its effect by causing intoxication, nausea, hangover and other symptoms. However, as you continue to drink, the brain compensates, allowing you to drink more producing a stronger tolerance. At this point the neurons adapt to your drinking patterns.

Now, let’s say you suddenly decide you’re not going to drink tonight at 6 p.m. The adapted brain, which now believes that alcohol is a normal part of life, will send various signals to remind you that it is time to drink as the clock approaches 6pm. These signals come in the form of mild to severe withdrawal symptoms, such as anger, agitation, cravings and urges. In short, you’ve essentially trained your brain to crave alcohol. (Later, you’ll learn how retraining the brain is the clear path to recovery.)

At this point one is alcohol dependent, which is rooted in a change in brain chemistry. Advanced technology — such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electrophysiological brain mapping — indicates that alcohol dependence is less a behavioral problem, and more a brain dysfunction. caused by repeated poisoning of the brain.

For years, scientists believed that the number of neurons in the adult brain was fixed early in life. If brain damage occurred, new neurons could not be created. Later researchers found that new ones are indeed generated in adulthood — a process called “neurogenesis.” New learning ensues, allowing electrical signals to travel along neural pathways more easily. This inherent ability to change is called “plasticity.”

This ability to grow new neurons and form new connections has been demonstrated in experiments such as that conducted by Doctors Avi Karni and Leslie Ungerleider at the National Institutes of Mental Health. They had subjects do a simple finger tapping exercise — and identified the areas of the brain involved with MRI brain scans. Subjects practiced this motor task every day, gradually becoming faster and more skilled. After four weeks, new brain scans revealed that the region of the brain involved in this task had actually expanded. This indicated that regular practice and repetition of the task recruited new nerve cells — and changed the original neural connections.

This finding is the basis for a new scientific hypothesis: internal transformation begins with “learning” (new neural input), which gradually replaces our “negative conditioning” (current neural circuit). The end result is ”positive conditioning” (or new neural circuitry) that directs new emotions and behavior. Therefore, the concept of “re-wiring” the brain for lasting change is a very real and distinct possibility.

Alcohol dependence involves the same neural pathways as early memory and learning. So the addictive process weakens everything the brain knew before. Effective recovery involves the reversal of this process. This is a dynamic, comprehensive process that involves what scientists call ”retraining” of the brain — or neuroplasticity. More information about neuroplasticity and its success can be found on the NIFAR website.

Alcohol addiction is really progressive. Over time, it generally gets worse, not better. The behavior patterns associated with alcohol abuse cross all social boundaries, affecting both sexes, every ethnic group, and people in every tax bracket. Therefore, new methods to combat this widespread disorder must be used to help those who suffer. In the process, we will alleviate the massive financial strain of untreated addiction on our health care system, which now exceeds $400 Billion a year in America.

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