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Normal Blood Pressure Explained
Blood pressure is the force exerted against the walls of arteries when blood flows through them. As the heart contracts to deliver more blood into the arteries the force reaches a maximum, known as the systolic blood pressure, which is the top number of the reading. When the heart stops contracting to fill with blood again the pressure inside the arteries drops to a minimum, which is the diastolic blood pressure or the lower number of the reading. When a pressure measurement is taken in either the upper arm or the wrist, the measurement is inflated until the pressure generated around the artery exceeds the pressure inside the artery resulting in collapse of the artery. The measuring device is then slowly deflated to the point that the pressure around the artery falls below the pressure inside the artery as the heart contracts but exceeds the pressure in the artery as the heart relaxes, at which point the artery opens as the heart contracts . but collapses when the heart has stopped contracting. The audible sound detected at this point if the reading is taken manually or the signal that is generated by an automated device at that point is the collapse of the artery from is an expanded state immediately at the end of contraction of the heart, which is the systole blood pressure As the deflation continues and the pressure around the artery continues to fall, a point is reached at which the pressure generated around the artery by the device and the pressure inside the artery as the heart relaxes are equal resulting in the artery ceasing to collapse and the sound ceasing to be produced The beginning of this period of silence, in which sound is no longer heard and signal is no longer sensed by an automated device, is the diastolic blood pressure.
Normal resting arterial pressure is a systolic reading less than 120 but greater than 90 and a diastolic reading less than 80 but greater than 60. Although there are trends characteristic of aging, these numbers do not change in terms of defining what is normal. Hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure of 140 or greater and a diastolic blood pressure of 90 or greater. This definition of hypertension was reached due to the fact that studies have shown that the damage to vessels and related organs caused by elevated resting arterial pressure does not begin until pressures reach these levels. What were previously considered gray areas between systolic values of 120 and 140 and diastolic values of 80 and 90 are now the intervals that define what is known as prehypertension, ie values between 120/80 and 140/90. The reason 120/80 is an abnormal reading is that studies have shown that over time many people with a reading of 120 or higher will eventually develop hypertension. In fact, one study showed that nearly 100% of people with a blood pressure of 120/80 will develop hypertension if they live to be 90 or older. More realistically, this explains why two thirds of the population over the age of 65 have high blood pressure. Low blood pressure is generally not a concern for most people, but if a person has hypotension, ie a systolic reading of 90 or less or a diastolic reading of 60 or less, symptoms of lightheadedness and/or fainting may occur and may be representative of an underlying disease process that needs evaluation and treatment. Both abnormally high and abnormally low blood pressure readings must be recognized and treated appropriately because both can be associated with morbidity.
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